知识精讲

1 What's the surfing like today? 今天冲浪运动怎么样?

1)What's…like?意为”……怎么样?”相当于How is…? 常用来询问某事或天气如何。例如:

  ①What's the film like? 这部电影怎么样?

  ②What's the weather like today? = How is the weather today?今天天气怎么样?

2)如果询问某人的相貌特征等也常用此句型。例如:

  ①—What's your brother like? 你弟弟长的怎么样?

  —He tall and fat.他又高又胖。

  注意

  1)How's...? 用来询问暂时的情况,或对经历过的事的感受,或问候别人的健康。如:

  ①—How's your study these days? 近来你的学习情况怎么样?

  —Very well. Thank you. 很好,谢谢。

  ①How was the film last night? Great!

  昨晚的电影怎么样?好极了!

  ①How's your elder sister? She's very well.

  你姐姐好吗(身体怎样)?她很好。

  2)下面两句话意义不同:

  ①How was the film?这部电影怎样?(问对方对电影的感受。)

  ②What was the film like?

  这电影讲什么?(请对方对影片作一番描述或评论。)

2 How long have you been here in Sydney?

  你在悉尼有多长时间了?

1.询问“在某地呆过多久”或“处于某种状态”多久常用how long提问,句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词,回答时常用since或for引导的时间状语。例如:

  ①—How long have you been at this school?

  你在这所学校有多长时间了?

  —Since 1995. 自从1995年就在里

  (2)—How long have you lived in Wuhan?

  你在武汉住了多长时间了?

  — I've, lived in Wuhan for two years.我在武汉住两年了。

2.“have been at/in+地点名词”表示“已在某地”。例如:

  ①My brother has been in American for five years.

  我哥哥在美国已经五年了。

3 Since last Wednesday.自从上星期

1)这里since是介词,意为“自从……以来”,后常按过去某一时间点,常用于现在完成时态的句子中。例如:

  ①We have learned English since two years ago.

  我们从两年前就学英语。

  ②I've live here since 1990.自从1900年我就住在这里。

2)since还可作介词,后接表示起点时间的状语从句,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用现在完成时。例如:

  ①How long have you stayed here since you came to China?

  自从你来中国以前,你呆了多久了?

  注意

  1)在“It is+一段时间+since从句”中,主句谓语动词be习惯用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:

  ①It is just a week since we arrived in Beijing.

  我们到北京刚好有一星期。

  2)“since+时间点”和“for+时间段”都表示时间段,应和延续性动词连用,不和非延续性动词连用。例如:

  ①He has been here since last Wednesday.

  自上星期三以来他一直呆在这里。

  ②How long has he been away?

  他离开多长时间了?

  3)这类句子可以相互转换。如:

  ①He has been here for 2 years.他在这儿已两年了。

  =He has been here since 3 years ago.

  =It is 3 years since he came here.

  =He came here 3 years ago.

  =It has been 3 years since be came.

4 Have you ever been to Hawaii? 你曾去过夏威夷吗?

  has/have been to“去过”,“到过”,表明人在说话现场;has / have gone to “去了”,表明人不在说话现场。例如:

  ①He has ever been to Beijing.

  他曾去过北京(人不在北京,在这里)

  ②He has gone to Beijing.他去了北京(人不在说话现场)

  ③—Where is he, do you know?你知道他在哪里吗?

  —He has gone to the hospital.他去医院了(不在这里)

  ④He has been to the U.S.A many times.

  他去美国多次。

  注意

  在和there, here, home等副词连用时,has/have been to和has/have gone to中的to应省略。例如:

  ①He has gone home.他回家去了。

  ②He has never been here.他从没去过那里。

5 None of us has.我们没有人去过。

1)none是代词。意思是“没打任何东西”,“没有任何人”,“一个人也没有(= no one)”。例如:

  ①I know none of them.他们我一个也不认识。

2)none可在句子中作主语或宾语。当none代替可数名词作主语时,

  谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式;但代替不可数名词时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:

  ①None of the films are/is interesting.没有一部电影有趣。

  ②There is none of it left.那东西一点也没剩下。

3)nobody, no one 和none的区别

  ▲nobody和no one都指代人,意思是“没有人”。作主语时谓语动词用单数形式,后面不能跟of短语,常常回答who和不确定的问题。例如:

  ①Luckily, nobody/no one was hurt in this car accident.

  幸运的是,没有人在这场汽车事故中受伤。

  ②Who went to the school library this week? Nobody/no one.

  这周谁去过学校图书馆?没有人。

  ▲none既可以指代人,也可以指借事物,意思是“没有人,没有东西”等,对三者(以上)人(物)否定,其反义词为all.后面可以跟of短语。作主语时,如果它指代的是可数名词,谓语动词用单数、复数形式都可以,常常回答 how many和how much以及有特定范围的问题。例如:

  ①How many of the women are teachers? None ( of them is/are).

  这些女士中有多少是老师?一个也没有。

  ②How much water is left in the bottle? None (of it is left).

  瓶里还剩多少水?一点儿也没剩。

  注意

  none和all是一对反义词,all表示三者或三者以上的人或事物的全部肯定,all not与none却不同义,因为none表示三者或三者以上人或事物的全部否定,译为“一个人也没有”或“没有任何东西”,而all not表示三者或三者以上人或事物的部分否定,译为“并不是(所有的)”,或“不都是(所有的全……)”例如:

  ①None of them are students. 他们都不是学生。

  ②All of them aren't students. 他们不都是学生。

6 Surfing is one of the world's most popular water sports.

  冲浪运动是一项世界上最受欢迎的水上运动。

1)“one of+复数名词”意为“……中之一”,作主语时,谓语动词须用单数形式。如:

  ①One of the boys is a foreigner.这些男孩中有一个是外国人。

  ②I can only answer one of the three questions.

2)one of后常跟形容词的最高级形式。例如:

  ①The Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.

  ②Miss Yang is one of the most popular teachers in the school.

  注意:此短语中的of表示部分关系,即of之前的数词为部分,of之后的名词为整体。

7 Now it is enjoyed by people all over the world.

  现在它(冲浪运动)被全世界的人们所喜爱。

1.这是一个被动语态。被动语太的构成是:“助动词be+有物动词的过去分词”。主语it是动作的承受者,by后面的短语是动作的发出者,by在这里意为“被,由”。例如:

  ①English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人说。

2. all over the world 意为”全世界”,相当于the whole world, around

  the world 或 throughout the world. 例如:

  ①We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。

  ②Travellers and business people use English all over the world.

  全世界的旅行者和商人都用英语。

8 Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.

  夏威夷以它美丽的海滩而闻名。

1) be famous for意为“以……而著称(闻名)”。例如:

  ①Zhou Enlan was famous for his hard work.

  周恩来以勤奋工作而著名。  

  ②The place is famous for the high mountains.

  这个地方因高山而著名。

  ③Jinan is famous for its hot springs. 济南以它的温泉而著名。

  ④China is famous for the Great Wall in the world.

  中国以长城著称于世。

2) be famous as 意为“作为……而出名”,例如:

  ①He is famous as a wrier. 他作为作家而出名的。

  ②Kunming is famous as the Spring City. 昆明以“春城”著称。

3) be famous to... 为(某人)所熟知,如:

  ①He is famous to us. 对我们来说,他很出名。

  ②The popular star is famous to young people.

  这位明星为年青人所熟知。

9 Every year, water sports, especially swimming and surfing.

  attract large numbers of tourists to the islands. 每年水上运动,尤其是游泳和冲浪都吸引着大量的游客到这些岛上。

1. 1) large numbers of是a large number of的复数形式,意为“很多数量的”,“许许多多的”。是形容词词组,后接复数名词。当“a (large) number of+复数名词”结构作句子的主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,有时也可用单数。例如:

  ①A number of boys are/is in the classroom.许多男孩在教室。

  2)用a number of表示数量很少时,就说a small number of,不说a little number of.

  3) a number of与the number of 的区别

  ①A number of foreign scientists have come to visit Wuhan Universi-ty. 许多外国科学家来参观武汉大学。

  ▲the number of意思为“……的总数”,number指“数目”或“人数”,是句中真正的主语,由介词of引出的短语是修饰主语的定语,故动词须用单数形式。如:

  ①The number of the students in our class is forty-five.

  我们班的学生数是45。

2 especially作副词,其同义词为particularly, specially,是“尤其”的意思,后面所接的人或事物,是对前面提到的人或事物的解释或强调,具体化到某个个体上。如:

  ①I love Italy, especially in summer.

  我喜欢意大利,尤其是在夏天。

  ②Noise is unpleasant, especially when you're trying to sleep.

  噪音讨厌,尤其是当你想睡觉时。

10 It's neither too hot nor too cold all the year round.

  那儿终年既不太热也不太冷。

  neither... nor...“既不……也不……”为并列连词,可连接并列的主语、谓语、宾语和表语等。

1)作主语时,谓语动词要遵循就近原则,即谓语动词的形式由离它最近的词决定。如:

  ①It's neither pleasant to eat nor good for you.

  这既不好吃,也对你没好处。

  ②Neither you nor I am a student.我和你都不是学生。

  ③I like neither singing nor dancing.

  我既不喜欢唱歌,也不喜欢跳舞。

  ④She is neither a doctor nor a nurse.

  她既不是医生又不是护士。

  ⑤Neither you nor I could do it.你和我都不能做这件事。

  ⑥Neither the teacher nor the students are here.

2)neither... nor连接的词要对称,既这两个词必须是同一类词。如:

  ①She's neither at home nor at school.(连接两个介词短语)

  她既不在家,也不在学校。

  ②I like neither music nor sports.(连接两个名词)

  我既不喜欢音乐,也不喜欢运动。

  ③Wei Hua neither watched TV nor got on line. She helped with the housework.(连接两个动词)

  魏华既没看电视,也没上网,她帮忙做家务了。

  ④He enjoys neither singing nor dancing.(连接两个名词)

  他既不喜欢唱歌也不喜欢跳舞。

  ⑤My elder brother is neither taller nor stronger than me.(连接两个形容词的比较级)

  我哥哥既不比我高,也不比我壮。